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69 lines
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="zh" dir="ltr"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="main.css"/><title>卷二百三</title><style typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt1"><![CDATA[@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.header{display:table!important}}]]></style></head><body class="mw-content-ltr sitedir-ltr ltr mw-body-content parsoid-body mediawiki mw-parser-output" dir="ltr" data-mw-parsoid-version="0.23.0.0-alpha10" data-mw-html-version="2.8.0" xml:lang="zh"><section data-mw-section-id="0"><span about="#mwt1">
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</span><table class="ws-header" style="border-spacing:0px; padding:0px; width:100%; margin-bottom:0px; border:1px solid var(--border-color-content-added,#93A6C0); background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#F9F9F9); color: inherit;text-align:center;" about="#mwt1">
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<tbody><tr><td style="width:25%; text-align: left;"><span style="display:inline-block; inline-size:1em;"/><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="c204_tai_ping_yu_lan_0202.xhtml" title="太平御覽/0202">封建部五</a> <span style="color:#999"> ◄ </span></td>
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<td style="width:50%; text-align: center;"><b><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="c0_tai_ping_yu_lan.xhtml" title="太平御覽">太平御覽</a></b><br/>卷二百三.職官部一 總叙官</td>
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<td style="width:25%; text-align: right;"><span style="color:#999"> ► </span> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="c206_tai_ping_yu_lan_0204.xhtml" title="太平御覽/0204">職官部二</a><span style="display:inline-block; inline-size:1em;"/></td></tr>
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<td><span style="color: #464646;"><ul id="plainSister-n3941" style="display:inline-block; font-size:93%; line-height:normal; list-style-type:none; list-style-image:none; list-style-position:outside; border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#AAA); float:right; clear:right; margin:0.5ex 0.5ex 0.5ex 0.5ex; padding:0.0ex 0.0ex 0.0ex 0.0ex; background-color:var(--background-color-base,#FFFFFF);color: inherit;"><li class="noprint sisitem"><span class="sisicon" style="padding-right:1ex;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:SiteMatrix" title="Special:SiteMatrix"><img alt="姊妹计划" resource="./File:Wikimedia-logo.svg" src="images/c1004_Wikimedia_logo.svg_20px_Wikimedia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" data-file-type="drawing" class="mw-file-element" style="width:18px; height:18px; " data-title="Wikimedia-logo.svg-20px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png"/></a></span></span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:SiteMatrix" title="Special:SiteMatrix">姊妹计划</a>: <a rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85597738" title="d:Q85597738" class="extiw">数据项</a></li></ul></span>
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<p>《禮記》曰︰有虞氏官五十,夏后氏官百,殷二百,周三百,天子立六官、三公、九卿、二十七大夫、八十一元士,以聽天下之外治,以明章天下之男教。</p>
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<p>又《王制》曰︰天子百里之內以共官,千里之內以爲禦。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt4" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>謂此地之田稅所給也<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>。千里之外設方伯。五國以爲屬,屬有長;十國以爲連,連有帥;三十國以爲卒,卒有正;二百一十國以爲州,州有伯。八州八伯,五十六正,百六十八帥,三百三十六長。八伯各以其屬,屬于天子之老二人,分天下以爲左右,曰二伯。</p>
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<p>《春秋》曰︰昭十七年,郯子來朝,公與之宴。昭公問焉,曰︰「少皞氏以鳥名官,何故?」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt5" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>少皞金天氏,黃帝子,巳姓之祖也。問何故以鳥爲官也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>郯子曰︰「吾祖也,我知之。昔黃帝氏以雲紀,故爲雲師而雲名。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt6" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>黃帝軒轅氏姬姓之祖也。黃帝受命有雲瑞,故以雲紀事。百官師長皆以雲爲名號也<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>。炎帝氏以火紀,故爲火師而火名。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt7" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>神農姜姓之祖也,有火瑞,故以火紀事名官也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>共工氏以水紀,故爲水師而水名。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt8" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>共工以諸侯霸九州者,在神農前、太吳後,亦受水瑞,以水名官也<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>。太皞氏以龍紀,故爲龍師而龍名。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt9" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>太皞伏羲氏,風姓之祖也,有龍瑞,故以龍名官司也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>我高祖少皞摯之立也,鳳鳥適至,故紀于鳥,爲鳥師而鳥名。……自顓頊以來,不能紀遠,乃紀于近,爲民之師而命以民事,則不能故也。</p>
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<p>又曰︰國家之敗,由官邪也。官之失德,寵賂彰也。</p>
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<p>《尚書·堯典》曰︰乃命羲和,欽若昊天,曆象日月星辰,敬授人時。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt10" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>羲氏和氏世掌天地四時之官,使敬順天地以授人也<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>。分命羲仲,宅嵎夷,曰晹谷。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt11" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>羲仲居治東方之官。宅,居也。東表之地稱嵎夷。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>寅賓出日,平秩東作。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt12" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>使敬導出日,平均次序,東作之事以務農也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>申命羲叔,宅南交。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt13" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>羲叔居治南方之官。南交言夏與春交。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>平秩南訛,敬致。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt14" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>訛,化也。平序南方化育之事。敬行其教,以致其功。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>分命和仲,宅西,曰昧穀。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt15" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>居治西方之官。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>寅餞納日,平秩西成。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt16" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>餞,送也。西方萬物成,平序其攻,助成物也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>申命和叔,宅朔方,曰幽都。平在朔易。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt17" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>都,謂所聚也。易謂歲,改易于北方,平均在察其政,以順天常。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>允厘百工,庶績咸熙。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt18" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>定四時成歲,以告時授事,則衆功皆廣。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又舜曰︰諮,四岳!有能奮庸熙帝之載,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt19" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>奮,起也。有能起發其功廣堯之事也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>使宅百揆,亮采惠疇?<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt20" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>亮,信惠順也。使居百揆之官,信立其功順其事者,誰乎?<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>僉曰︰「伯禹作司空。」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt21" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>禹入爲天子,司空治水有功,言可用也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>帝曰︰「俞,諮!禹,汝平水土,惟時懋哉!」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt22" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>稱禹前功以命之,惟居是百揆勉行之。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>禹拜稽首,讓于稷、契暨皋陶。帝曰︰「俞,汝往哉!」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt23" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>不許其讓,使往宅百揆。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰︰成王既黜殷命,滅淮夷,還歸在豐,作《周官》。王曰︰若昔大猷,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt24" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>順古大道。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>制治于未亂,保邦于未危。曰唐虞稽古,建官惟百。內有百揆四岳,外有州牧侯伯。庶政惟和,萬國咸寧。夏商官倍,亦克用乂。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt25" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>湯禹建官二百,亦能用治。言不及唐虞之清。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>今予小子祗勤于德,夙夜不逮。立太師、太傅、太保,茲惟三公。論道經邦,燮理陰陽。少師、少傅、少保,曰三孤。貳公弘化,寅亮天地,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt26" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>敬信天地之教。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>弼予一人。冢宰掌邦治,統百官,均四海。司徒掌邦教,敷五典,擾兆民。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt27" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>擾,安也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>宗伯掌邦禮,治神人,和上下。司馬掌邦政,統六師,平邦國。司寇掌邦禁,詰奸慝,刑暴亂。司空掌邦土,居四民,時地利。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt28" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>士農工商,使順天時。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>六卿分職,各率其屬,以倡九牧,阜成兆民。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt29" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>以倡導九州牧伯爲政大成兆民之性命。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰︰俊乂在官,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt30" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>俊德治能之士皆在官。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>百僚師師,百工惟時,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt31" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>僚工皆官也,師師相師法。百官皆是,言政無非。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>撫于五辰,庶績其凝。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt32" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>言五官皆順五行之時,衆功皆成。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰︰無曠庶官。天上,人其代之。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt33" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>位非其人爲空官,言人代天理官,不可以天官私非其才。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰︰任官惟賢材,左右惟其人。臣爲上爲德,爲下爲民。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt34" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>言奉上布德,順下訓民,不可官所私,任非其人。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰︰官不及私昵,惟其能。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt35" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>不加私昵,惟能是官。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>爵罔及惡德,惟其賢。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt36" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>非賢不嚼。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>《周禮》曰︰惟王建國,辨方正位,體國經野,設官分職,以爲民極。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt37" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>極,中也。令天下之人,各得其中。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又《周官》曰︰宗伯以九儀之命,正邦國之位,一命受職,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt38" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>受職,治職事。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>再命受服,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt39" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>受服,受祭衣服爲上士。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>三命受位,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt40" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>列位于王臣也,王之上士亦三命也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>四命受器,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt41" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>受祭器爲上大夫也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>五命賜則,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt42" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>則,法也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>六命賜官,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt43" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>此王六命之卿賜官者,使得自置其臣,治家如諸候也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>七命賜國,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt44" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>出就候伯之國。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>八命作牧,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt45" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>謂候伯有功德者,加命得專征伐于諸候。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>九命作伯。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt46" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>上公有功德者,加命爲二伯,得征伐五候九伯也。鄭司農云︰長諸候爲方伯也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>《尚書大傳》曰︰古者天子三公,每一公三卿佐之,每一卿三大夫佐之,每一大夫三元士佐之,故有三公、九卿、二十七大夫、八十一元士。所與爲天下者,若此而已。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt47" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>自公至元士凡百二十,此夏時之官也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>《家語》曰︰古之御天下者,以六官總治焉。冢宰之官以成道,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt48" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>治官所以成道。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>司徒之官以成德,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt49" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>教官所以成德。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>宗伯之官以成仁,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt50" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>禮官所以成仁。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>司馬之官以成聖,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt51" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>政官所以成聖。聖通官正,所以平通天下。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>司寇之官以成義<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt52" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>刑官所以成義。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>司空之官以成禮,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt53" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>事官所以成禮也。非事不立也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>六官在手以爲轡。</p>
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<p>《東觀漢記》曰︰更始所置官爵多群小,長安爲之語曰︰「灶下養,中郎將;爛羊胃,騎都尉;爛羊頭,關內侯。」</p>
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<p>《後漢書》曰︰<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:需要指定公元的紀年" title="Category:需要指定公元的紀年" about="#mwt54" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span title="請指定為“30年”或“340年”">建武六年</span></a>,詔曰︰「百姓遭難,戶口耗少,而官吏尚繁。」于是司隸州牧條奏幷省,有四百餘縣吏職减損,十置其一。</p>
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<p>《漢舊儀》曰︰古法雖聖猶試,故設四科之辟。一科曰德行高妙,志節清白;二科曰學通行修,經中博士;三科曰明曉法令,足以决疑,能案章覆問文中御史;四科曰剛毅多略,遭事不惑,明足以照奸,勇足以决斷,才任三輔。令皆試以其能,然後官之。</p>
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<p>《後魏書》曰︰<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:需要指定公元的紀年" title="Category:需要指定公元的紀年" about="#mwt55" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span title="請指定為“1147年”或“1232年”或“1459年”或“398年”或“617年”或“986年”">天興元年</span></a>,置八部大夫、散騎常侍、待詔等官。其八部大夫,于皇城四維面置一人,以擬八坐,謂之八國。常侍侍直左右,出入王命。三年,置仙人博士官,典煮煉百藥。天錫元年八月,初置六謁官,准古六卿,其秩五品。屬官有大夫,秩六品。大夫屬官有元士,秩七品。元士屬官有署令長,秩八品。令長屬官有署丞,秩九品。九月,又减五等之爵,始分爲四,曰王、公、侯、子,除伯、男二號。初,帝欲法古純質,每于制定官號,多不依周、漢舊名,或取諸身,或取諸物,或以民事,皆擬遠古雲鳥之義。諸曹走使謂之鳧鴨,取飛之迅疾也。以伺察候占官謂之白鷺,亦取其延頸遠望也。自餘之官,義皆類此。<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:414年_(提及)" title="Category:414年 (提及)" about="#mwt56" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span title="414年">神瑞元年</span></a>春,置八大人官,大人下置三屬官,總理萬機,故世號八公。太常二年夏,置六部大人官,有天、地、東、西、南、北部,皆以諸事爲之。大人置三屬官。自太祖至高祖,其內外百官,屢有减置。或事出當時目,不爲常,如萬騎、飛鴻、常忠、直意將軍之徒是也。</p>
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<p>賈誼《新書》曰︰王者,官人有六等︰一曰師,二曰友,三曰大臣,四曰左右,五曰侍御,六曰厮役。知足以爲源泉,行足以爲儀錶,問焉則應,求焉則得,者,謂之師;智足以爲雲龍礪,行足以爲輔助,明于進賢,敢于退不肖,內相匡正,外相揚美,謂之友。智足以謀國事,行足以爲民率,仁足以合上下之忻,國有法則退而守之,君有難則能死之者,大臣也。修身正行不愆于鄉曲,言語談說不怍于朝廷,智能不困于事業,服一介之使能合兩君之忻,執戟居前能舉君之過失,不難以死持之者,左右之臣也。不貪于財,不淫于色,事君不敢有二心,居則不敢泄君之謀,君有過失雖不能正諫,以其死持之而愁悴有憂色者,侍御之臣也。惟諛之行,惟言之聽,以睚眦之間事君者,厮役也。</p>
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<p>《通典》曰︰唐開元中刊定職次,著之爲格。蓋尚書省,以統會衆務、舉持綱目;門下省以侍從獻替,規駁非宜;中書省,以獻納制册,敷揚宣勞;秘書省以監錄圖書;殿中省以供修膳服;內侍省以承旨奉引;<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt57" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>尚書、門下、中書、秘書、殿中、內待凡六省。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>御史臺以肅清僚庶。九寺,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt58" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>太常、光祿、衛尉、宗正、太僕、大理、鴻臚、司農、太府爲九寺。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>五監,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt59" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>少府、將作、國子、軍器、都水爲五監。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>以分理群司,六軍、<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt60" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>左右羽林、左右龍武、左右神武爲六軍。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>十六衛,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt61" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>左右衛、左右驍、左右武、左右威、左右領軍、左右金吾、左右監門、左右千牛爲十六衛。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>以嚴其禁禦。一詹事府、二春坊、<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt62" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>有左右春坊,又有內坊掌冶內事。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>三寺、<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt63" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>守令,率更、太僕等三寺。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>十率,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt64" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>左右衛、左右司禦、左右清道、左右監門、左右內,凡十率府。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>俾又儲宮、牧守、督護,分臨畿服。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt65" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>京府置牧,餘府州置都督、都護、太守。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>《說苑》曰︰應侯與賈子坐,聞有鼓琴之聲。應侯曰︰「今之琴一何悲也?」賈子曰︰「夫張急調下,故使之悲耳!急張者,良材也,調下者,官卑也。取夫良才而官卑之,安能無悲乎?」應侯曰︰「善!」</p>
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<p>仲長子《昌言》曰︰官之有級,猶階之有等,升階越等,其步也亂。亂登朝級,敗禮傷法。是以古人之初仕也,雖有賢才皆以級次進焉。賈生有言︰「治國取人,務在求能。故裁國之無利器,猶鏤以鉛刀而望其切,不亦疏乎!</p>
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<p>楊泉《物理論》曰︰吏者,理也,所以理萬機、平百揆也。武士宰民物,猶使狼牧羊、鷹養雛也。是以人主務在審官擇人。</p>
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<p>《李重集雜奏議》曰︰古之聖王建官垂制,所以體國經治,而功在簡易。自帝王而下,世有增損。舜命九官,周分六職,秦采古制,漢仍秦舊,倚丞相,任九卿。雖置五曹尚書令僕之職,始于掌封奏以宣內外,事任尚輕;而郡守牧民官,故漢宣稱「所與爲治,惟良二千石」。其有殊效者,輒璽書勉勵,或賜爵進秩,禮遇豐厚,得爲治大體,所以遠踪三代也。及至東京,雖漸優顯,令僕出爲郡守,鍾離意、黃香、胡廣是也。郡守入爲三公,虞延、第五倫、鮑昱是也。自魏朝名守杜畿、滿寵、田預、胡質等郡,或二十年,或秩中二千石,假節猶不去郡,或還不易方。此亦古人「苟善其事,雖沒世不徙官」之義也。漢魏以來,內官之貴于今最隆。太始以前,多以散官補台郎,亦徑補黃門中書郎,而今皆數等而後至,衆職率亦如此。陵遲之俗未久,篤尚之風未洽,百事等級遂多,遷補轉徙如流,能否無以著,黜陟不得彰,此爲治之大弊也。漢法,官人不得真秩,京房爲魏郡太守,以八百石居之。魏初用輕貧,先亦試守,不稱,則繼以左遷。然則俊才登進,無能降退,此則所謂有知必試而使人以器者也。臣以爲今宜幷郡守等級,使同古者,明試守左遷之例,官人之理盡,則士必量能而受爵矣。</p>
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<p>《桓溫集·略表》曰︰今天下分崩,喪亂殄瘁,雖道隆中興,而戶口雕寡,近方漢時不當一郡之民。民戶既少,則勢不多而當必同古制。百官備職,實非大易;隨時之宜,且設官以理務。務寡則官省,官省以國治,則職顯而人清。故光武初興,多所幷省;諸葛亮相蜀,簡才幷官。此皆達治之成規,今日之所先也。宜從權制,幷官省職。愚謂門下三省、秘書、著作,通可减半。古以九卿綜事,不專尚書,故重九棘也。今事歸內台,則九卿爲虛設之位,惟太常、廷尉職不可闕。其諸員外散官及軍府參佐職無所掌者,皆幷若車駕、郊廟、籍田之屬。凡諸大事于禮宜置者,臨時權兼,事訖則罷職。既幷則官少而才精,職理則無害民而治道康矣。</p>
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