140 lines
48 KiB
HTML
140 lines
48 KiB
HTML
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="zh" dir="ltr"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="main.css"/><title>卷二百七十</title><style typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt3"><![CDATA[@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.header{display:table!important}}]]></style></head><body class="mw-content-ltr sitedir-ltr ltr mw-body-content parsoid-body mediawiki mw-parser-output" dir="ltr" data-mw-parsoid-version="0.23.0.0-alpha10" data-mw-html-version="2.8.0" xml:lang="zh"><section data-mw-section-id="0"><span about="#mwt3">
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</span><table class="ws-header" style="border-spacing:0px; padding:0px; width:100%; margin-bottom:0px; border:1px solid var(--border-color-content-added,#93A6C0); background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#F9F9F9); color: inherit;text-align:center;" about="#mwt3">
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<tbody><tr><td style="width:25%; text-align: left;"><span style="display:inline-block; inline-size:1em;"/><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="c271_tai_ping_yu_lan_0269.xhtml" title="太平御覽/0269">職官部六十七</a> <span style="color:#999"> ◄ </span></td>
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<td style="width:50%; text-align: center;"><b><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="c0_tai_ping_yu_lan.xhtml" title="太平御覽">太平御覽</a></b><br/>卷二百七十．兵部一</td>
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<td style="width:25%; text-align: right;"><span style="color:#999"> ► </span> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="c273_tai_ping_yu_lan_0271.xhtml" title="太平御覽/0271">兵部二</a><span style="display:inline-block; inline-size:1em;"/></td></tr>
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</tbody></table><table style="width:100%; background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#F8FCFF); color: inherit;font-size:small; border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-content-added,#93A6C0)" class="ws-header" about="#mwt3">
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<td><span style="color: #464646;"><ul id="plainSister-n4808" style="display:inline-block; font-size:93%; line-height:normal; list-style-type:none; list-style-image:none; list-style-position:outside; border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#AAA); float:right; clear:right; margin:0.5ex 0.5ex 0.5ex 0.5ex; padding:0.0ex 0.0ex 0.0ex 0.0ex; background-color:var(--background-color-base,#FFFFFF);color: inherit;"><li class="noprint sisitem"><span class="sisicon" style="padding-right:1ex;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:SiteMatrix" title="Special:SiteMatrix"><img alt="姊妹计划" resource="./File:Wikimedia-logo.svg" src="images/c1004_Wikimedia_logo.svg_20px_Wikimedia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" data-file-type="drawing" class="mw-file-element" style="width:18px; height:18px; " data-title="Wikimedia-logo.svg-20px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png"/></a></span></span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:SiteMatrix" title="Special:SiteMatrix">姊妹计划</a>: <a rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85599381" title="d:Q85599381" class="extiw">数据项</a></li></ul></span>
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<table style="font-size:0.9em; text-align:left; background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#F9F9F9); float:right;color: inherit;">
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</section><section data-mw-section-id="1"><h2 id="xu_bing_shang"><span id="id-.E5.8F.99.E5.85.B5.E4.B8.8A" typeof="mw:FallbackId"/>叙兵上</h2>
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<p>《世本》曰：蚩尤作兵。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt5" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>宋襄注曰：蚩尤，神農臣也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>《春秋元命苞》曰：蚩尤，虎卷威文立兵。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt6" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>宋均注曰：卷，手也，手文威字也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>《書》曰：鴻範八政，八曰師。</p>
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<p>《大戴禮》曰：魯哀公問孔子曰：「蚩尤作兵與？」孔子曰：「蚩尤，庶人之貪者也。反利無義，以喪厥身，何兵之能作與？民皆生也。」</p>
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<p>《左傳》曰：武有七德：禁暴，戢兵，保大，定功，安民，和衆，豐財者也。</p>
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<p>又曰：舉不失德，賞不失勞，老有加惠，旅有施捨，見可而進，知難而退，軍之善政也。兼弱攻昧，武之善經也。</p>
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<p>又曰：兵猶火也，不戢將自焚。</p>
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<p>又曰：師直爲壯，曲爲老。</p>
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<p>又曰：師克在和，不在衆。</p>
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<p>《豰梁傳》曰：善爲國者不師，善師者不陣，善陣者不戰，善戰者不死。</p>
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<p>《國語》曰：穆王將征犬戎，祭公謀父諫曰：「不可！先王耀德不觀兵。夫兵戢而時動，動則威，觀則玩，玩則無震。」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt7" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>注曰：玩，黷。震，懼也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>《家語》曰：哀公問曰：「寡人欲吾國小則能守，大則能攻，其道若何？」孔子曰：「使君朝廷有禮，上下和親，天下百姓皆君之民也。將誰攻焉？苟違此道，民叛如歸，皆君之仇，將誰守焉？」公曰：「善哉。」于是廢澤梁之禁，馳關市之稅，以惠百姓。</p>
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<p>《<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/史記" title="史記">史記</a>》曰：范蠡云：「兵者，凶器；戰者，逆德。」</p>
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<p>《<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/漢書" title="漢書">漢書</a>》曰：兵家者，蓋出古司馬之職，王官之武備矣。後世爍金爲刃，割革爲甲，器械甚備。下及湯武受命，次師克亂而濟百姓，動之以仁義，行之以禮讓，《司馬法》是其遺事也。自春秋出至于戰國，出奇設伏，變詐之兵幷作。漢興，張良、韓信序次兵法，凡一百八十二家，删取要用，定著三十六家。</p>
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<p>又《刑法志》曰：自黃帝有涿鹿之戰以定火灾，顓頊有共工之陣以定水灾。唐虞之際，至治之極，猶流共工，放歡兜，竄三苗，殛鯀，然後天下服。夏有甘扈之誓，殷、周以兵定天下矣。天下旣定，戢藏干戈，教以文德，而猶立司馬之官，設六軍之衆，因井田而制軍賦焉。天子畿方千里，提封百萬井，出軍賦六十四萬井，戎馬四萬匹，兵車萬乘，故稱萬乘之主。戎馬車徒干戈素具，春振旅以蒐，夏拔舍以苗，秋治兵以獮，冬大閱以狩，皆以農隙以講武事焉。連師比年簡車，卒正三年簡徒，群牧五載大簡車徒，此先王爲國立武足兵之大略也。</p>
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<p>又曰：以仁義綏民者，無敵于天下也。至于齊桓、晋文之兵，可謂入其域而節制矣。然猶未本仁義之大統也。故魏、秦之武，銳不可以當桓、文之節制；桓、文之節制不可以當湯、武之仁義。故曰：善師者不陣，善陣者不戰，善戰者不敗，善敗者不亡。</p>
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<p>又曰：夫文德者，帝王之利器；威武者，文德之輔助也。夫文之所加者深，則武之所服者大；德之所施者博，則威之所制者廣。三代之盛，至于刑措兵寢者，以其本末有序，帝王之所極功也。</p>
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<p>又曰：魏相曰：「救亂誅暴謂之義兵；敵加于己，不得已而起，謂之應兵；爭忿小故不勝憤怒者謂之忿兵；利人土地貨寶者謂之貪兵；恃國家之大、矜人民之衆，謂之驕兵。</p>
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<p>又曰：晁錯上書云：」丈五之溝，塹車之水，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt8" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>塹音子廉反。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>陵阜崎嶇，積石相接，此步兵之地，車騎五不當一。平原廣澤，漫衍相屬，此車騎之地，步兵十不當一。候視相及，川穀分限，此弓弩之地，刀楯三不當一。草木蒙蘢，枝葉蔚茂，此矛鋋之地，長戟三不當一。穹崇險隘，阻厄相視，此刀楯之地，弓弩二不當一。</p>
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<p>《老子》曰：師之所處，荊棘生焉。大軍之後，必有凶年。</p>
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<p>又曰：兵者，不祥之器，非君子之器，不得已而用之。</p>
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<p>又曰：是以君子居則貴左，故吉事尚左，喪事居右。是以偏將軍處左，上將軍處右。戰勝，以喪禮處之也。</p>
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<p>又曰：善爲士者不武，善戰者不怒。</p>
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<p>又曰：天下有道，却走馬以糞；天下無道，戎馬生于郊。</p>
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<p>又曰：以政治國，以奇用兵。</p>
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<p>《六韜》曰：用兵之道，使如疾雷，令民不及掩耳，卒電不暇瞑目。</p>
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<p>《古司馬兵法》曰：古者，以義理之謂之正，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt9" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>治民、用兵、止亂、討暴，必以義也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>正不獲意則權，權出于戰，不出于仁也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt10" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>分不均、求不勝謂之不獲意。權，錘也，平輕重而爲之功。以死易生，以危爲寧，反復往來而以詐成，故曰不出于仁也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>是故殺人安人，殺之可也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt11" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>以殺止殺，可以生也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>攻其國，愛其民，攻之可也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt12" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>除民亂以去君害。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>以戰去戰，雖戰可恃也。故仁見親，義見悅，智見恃，勇見方，信見信。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt13" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>將有五材，民親悅恃方而信之。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>故內得愛焉，所以守也。外得威焉，所以戰也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt14" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>利加于人則守固，威加于敵人則戰勝也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰：戰道不違時，不曆民病，所以愛吾民也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt15" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>春夏興師爲違時。春興師虜五穀，夏興師傷人民。故役不逾時，寒暑不易服，饑疫不行，所以愛民也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>不加喪，不因凶，所以愛夫其人也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt16" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>敵有喪、饑、疫不加兵，愛彼民如己民。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>冬夏不興師，所以兼愛彼民也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt17" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>大寒甚暑，吏士懈倦。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>故國雖大，好戰必亡；天下雖平，忘戰必危。</p>
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<p>又曰：天下旣平，天子大凱。春蒐秋獮，諸侯振旅，秋治兵，所以不忘戰也。</p>
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<p>又曰：古者逐奔不過百步，縱綏不過三舍，是以明其禮也。不窮不能，而哀憐傷痛，是以明其仁也。成列而鼓，是以明其信也。爭義不爭利，是以明其義也。又能舍服，是以明其勇也。知始知終，是以明其智也。六德以時合教，以爲民紀者，古之道也，自古之政也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt18" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>仁、義、勇、智、信，民之本，隨時而施，爲民綱紀，古之所傳政道也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰：先王之治，順天之道，設地之宜，官民之德，而正名治物。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt19" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>正者，正官名也。名正則可治之。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>立國辨職，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt20" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>立國治民，分守境界，各任其職也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>以爵分祿。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt21" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>以爵位尊卑，職其祿秩也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>諸侯悅懷，海外來服，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt22" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>服從已也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>獄弭而兵寢，聖德之治也。</p>
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<p>又曰：有虞氏不賞不罰，而民可用，至德也。夏後賞而不罰，至教也；殷罰而不賞，至威也；周以賞罰，德衰也。賞不逾時，欲民速得爲善之利也；罰不遷列，欲民睹不善之害也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt23" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>賞功不移晷，罰惡不列，所以勸善懲惡欲疾速者也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰：夏後正其德也，未用兵之刃，故其兵不雜。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt24" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>設軍不陣，敵服，故不用五兵。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>殷，義也，始用兵之刃矣。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt25" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>陣而不戰。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>周，力也。盡用兵之刃矣。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt26" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>周不及虞夏之教，討暴征亂戰後勝。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>夏賞于朝，貴善也<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt27" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>以德化也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>。殷戮于市，威不善也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt28" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>以刑禁也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>周賞于朝，戮于市，勸君子，懼小人也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt29" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>以賞進，以罰禁。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>三王章其德，一也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt30" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>三王皆道德，文武隨而施之，其致一也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰：凡戰，寬而觀其慮，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt31" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>寬者，先以單弱示不能，以示敵變化，慮其利害得失所在也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>進退以觀其固，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt32" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>遣輕兵至敵所在，視察進退固備虛危處所也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>危而觀其懼，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt33" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>詐沒危事，以知敵恐怖得失之勢也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>靜而觀其怠，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt34" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>敵靜而不動，相視吏士知懈怠。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>動而觀其疑，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt35" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>輕兵挑戰，相視敵人，知其疑否也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>襲而觀其治。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt36" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>欲襲敵，先視其守備外內，什伍、器械，虛實治亂所在也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰：凡戰，以輕行，輕危；<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt37" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>輕兵高林疾足，能追奔逐，比翼助進退，當須步曲什伍爲卒，節度行止。輕兵，無輕重，故危之。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>以重行，重無功。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt38" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>重兵持堅固守，什伍不得進退，不得能利，故無功也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>故戰相爲輕重。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt39" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>重兵主持堅固守，輕兵主追兵取利，相爲用也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰：民有勇心，惟敵之視；<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt40" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>士卒勇銳，進退前後，離合左右，見勝利之形，惟敵所在，輒得其便也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>民有畏心，惟北之視。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt41" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>士卒恐懼，各有嫌疑不求便利，懷其北心，當安穩教導，開示勝形，以服習之。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>兩心交支，兩利若一；<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt42" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>兩軍相當，兵相支持，各求便利共事，一勝之勢在兩軍間有道者得之也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>兩爲之職，惟權之視。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt43" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>謂知已知彼，稱輕重，量多少，度進退，知彼已虛實之所在也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰：軍旅以舒爲主，舒則人力足，雖交兵致刃，徒人不趨，車不馳也。逐奔不逾列，是以不亂。軍旅之固，不失行列之政，不絕人馬之力，遲速無過誡命。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt44" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>軍族政爲堅固也，進退疾徐，從金鼓之聲也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰：軍庸不入國，國庸不入軍。軍庸入國則民德廢，國庸入軍則民德弱。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt45" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>軍國异庸，强弱殊任，故不相入，入則亂也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>故在國言文而語溫，在朝恭以遜，修己以待人，不召不至，不問不言，難進易退。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt46" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>此申叙國庸之宜。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>在軍抗而立，在行遂而果，介者不拜，兵車不軾，城上不趨，危事不齒。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt47" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>此申致軍庸之宜抗者，不待問也。意者有慮于事而爲，不須令遂必也。果勝也，介者不拜，車不軾，騎不下，所以遠屈而亂行也，上趨爲驚衆也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>故禮與法，表裏也；文與武，左右也。古者賢王明民之德，盡民之善，故無廢德，無簡民，賞無可生，罰無可殺也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt48" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>民有一善處一事，故能盡民之善，無損德，民能堪其事，故賞罰無所施。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰：凡從奔勿息，敵或止于路，則慮之。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt49" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>追敵奔北無休懈，則敵于路旁設伏，當觀察反復慮之，自警戒也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>凡近敵都，必有進路，退必有反慮。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt50" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>深入敵地，必知進退便利道徑，通塞利害所在，避實從虛也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰：凡戰，先則弊，後則懾。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt51" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>兵先舉則勞，後起則士心不定而恐懼。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>選良次兵，是謂益民之强；<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt52" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>選良者，擇取勁勇有材者爲前，當什伍相以接之死地及見勝則心專强之。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>弃任節食，是謂開民之意，自古之政也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt53" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>任者，畜積器物焚儲畜服御之具。節餘糧戰之曰不餘食，示必死戰也。開塞生意以專民心，此五帝三王用兵之道也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>《曹公孫子兵法序》曰：操聞上古弧矢之利，《論語》「足食足兵」，《尚書》八政曰「師」，《易》曰：「師貞」，《傳》云：「王赫斯怒」，黃帝、湯武咸用干戈爲民也。用武者滅，用文者亡，夫差、偃王是也。聖賢之于兵也，戢而時動，不得已而用之。吾觀兵書戰策，孫武深矣。孫子者，齊人也，名武。爲吳王闔閭作《兵法》一十三篇，試之婦人，卒以爲將，西破强楚入郢，北滅齊、晋。後百餘歲，有孫臏，是武之後也。</p>
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<p>《孫子》曰：兵者，國之大事。校之以計，而索其情。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt54" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>謂下五事，彼我之情。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰將，五曰法。道者，令人與上同意，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt55" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>謂導以教令也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>故可與之死，可與之生，而人不畏危。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt56" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>危，疑也。言上有仁化于下，則能致命也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>天者，陰陽寒暑時制。地者，遠近險易廣狹死生。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt57" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>言以九也，形勢不同，因時制度也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>將者，智信仁勇嚴。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt58" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>將宜五德備也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>法者，曲幟制官道主用。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt59" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>部曲幡幟、金鼓之制。官者道者糧路主用，軍費用也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>凡此五者，將莫不聞，知之者勝，不知者不勝。</p>
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<p>又曰：兵者，詭道，故能而示之不能，用而示之不用；<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt60" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>言已實能用師，外示無法。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>近而示之遠，遠而示之近。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt61" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>欲進而治去道，若韓信之襲安邑，陳舟監晋而度于夏陽是也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>故利而誘之，亂而取之，實而備之，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt62" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>敵持實，須備之。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>强而避之，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt63" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>避其所長。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>怒而撓之，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt64" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>待其衰解。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>卑而驕之，引而勞之<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt65" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>以利勞之。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>親而離之，佚而勞之，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt66" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>以利勞之。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>攻其無備，出其不意，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt67" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>擊其懈怠空虛也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>此兵之勝，不可豫傳。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt68" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>傳，泄也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰：凡用兵之法，全國爲上，破國次之。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt69" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>夫興兵深入長驅，敵舉國來服爲上；次，兵擊破得之爲次。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>全軍爲上，破軍次之。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt70" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>軍四千人。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>全卒爲上，破卒次之。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt71" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>上一千人，下五百人。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>全伍爲上，破伍次之。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt72" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>百人至五人也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>是故百戰百勝，非善之善。不戰而屈人之兵者，善之善者也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt73" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>夫不戰而敵自屈服，上；兵代謀，敵始有謀，代之易也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰：故用兵之法，十則圍之，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt74" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>以十敵一則圍之，是爲智，等而兵利釣而客勁操，所以倍兵圍下邳而生擒呂布也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>倍則分之，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt75" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>以二敵一，二則爲當一，術爲奇。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>敵則能戰，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt76" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>已爲士衆等差者，猶設奇伏以勝之也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>少則能逃，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt77" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>高壁壘勿與敵戰也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>不若則能避之，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt78" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>引兵避之。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>故小敵之堅，大敵之擒也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt79" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>小不能當大也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰：凡治衆如治寡，分數是也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt80" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>部曲爲分，什伍爲數也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>鬥衆如鬥少，形名是也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt81" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>旌旗曰形，金鼓曰名。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>三軍之衆可使必受敵而無敗者，奇正是也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt82" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>先出合戰爲當，後出爲奇也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>兵之所加，如以瑕投卵者，虛實是也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt83" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>以實擊虛也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰：故善動敵者，形之，敵必從之；<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt84" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>見羸形也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>與之，敵必取之。以利動之，以卒待之。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt85" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>以利害動敵也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>故善戰者，求之于勢，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt86" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>專在權也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>不責于人，故能擇人而任勢。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt87" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>以勢者權變明也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>任勢者，其戰人也如轉木石，木石之性，安則靜，危則動，方則止，員則行。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt88" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>任勢自然。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>故善戰人之勢如轉圓石于萬仞之山者，勢也。</p>
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<p>又曰：凡先據戰地而待敵者佚，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt89" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>有餘力地。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>後據戰地而趨戰者勞，故善戰者致人而不致于人。能使敵人自至者，利之也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt90" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>誘之以利。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>能使敵人不得至者，害之也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt91" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>出兵所必趣，攻兵所必救。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>故敵佚能勞之，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt92" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>以利煩之。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>飽能饑之，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt93" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>絕其糧道。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>安能動之，出其所必趨也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt94" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>使敵必。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰：兵形象水，水之行，避高而就下；兵之形，避實而擊虛。故水因地而制形，兵因敵而制勝。故兵無常勢，水無常形，能與敵變化而取勝者，謂之神。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt95" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>勢盛必衰，形露必敗，能因敵變化勝之，若神。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>故五行無常勝，四時無常位，日有長短，月有死生。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt96" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>兵無常勢，盈縮隨敵也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰：故不知諸侯之謀者，不能豫交；<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt97" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>不知敵情謀者不能結交也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>不知山林險阻沮澤之形者，不能行軍；<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt98" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>高而崇者爲山，樹木所聚者爲林，坑堆者爲險，一高一下爲阻，水草漸洳爲沮，泉水所歸不流者爲澤也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>不用鄉導者，不能得地利。故兵以詐立，以利動，以分合爲變者也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt99" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>兵一分一合，此敵爲變。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>故兵疾如風，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt100" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>擊虛空也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>徐如林，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt101" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>不見利也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>侵掠如火，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt102" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>疾如火也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>不動如山，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt103" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>守山。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>難知如陰，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt104" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>似天陰不見外宿也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>動如雷霆。</p>
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<p>又曰：夜戰多火鼓，晝戰多旌旗，所以變人之耳目也。故三軍可奪氣，將軍可奪心。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt105" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>左氏言：一鼓作氣，再而衰，三而謁也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>是故朝氣銳，晝氣惰，暮氣歸。故善用兵者，避其銳氣，擊其惰歸，此治氣者也。以治待亂，以靜待嘩。此治心者也。以近待遠，以佚待勞，以飽待饑，此治力者也。無邀正正之旗，無擊堂堂之陣，此治變者也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt106" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>正正高齊，堂堂者大。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>又曰：用兵之法，高陵勿向，倍丘勿迎，丘阪勿迎，佯北勿從，銳卒勿攻，餌兵勿食，歸師勿遏，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt107" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>懷歸故能死戰，不可擊也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>圍師勿鬥，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt108" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>司馬法曰：兵三面，開其一面，示生路也。若敵專陸地必空一面以示其虛，欲使戰守不周也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>此用兵之法也。</p>
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<p>又曰：故善用兵，譬如帥然；帥然者，常山之蛇也。擊其首則尾至，擊其尾則首至，擊其中則首尾俱至。</p>
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<p>又曰：踐墨循敵，以决戰事。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt109" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>行踐規矩無常者也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>是故始如處女，敵人開戶；後如脫兔，敵不及矩。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt110" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>處女示弱，兔，往也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small></p>
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<p>《吳子》曰：鼓鞞金鐸所以威耳，旄麾旗章所以威目，禁令刑罰所以威心。三者不立，雖有國，必敗于敵。故曰心威于形，不可不戰。</p>
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<p>《管子》曰：夫爲兵之數，存乎聚財、論工、<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt111" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>造軍器<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>制器、<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt112" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>兵器<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>選士、政教、<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt113" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>軍中號令。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>服習、<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt114" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>謂使習武藝。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>偏知天下、<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt115" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>謂徧知其地形隘易，主將二拙，士卒勇怯。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>明于機數。此八者皆須，故兵未出境而無敵；八者悉備，然後能正天下。</p>
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<p>又曰：凡民之所以守戰而死而不德其上者，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt116" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>或守或戰，雖復至死，不敢持之，以德于上則有數存于其間，以至此地。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>曰古者親戚墳墓之所在也，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt117" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>一變。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>田宅富厚足也，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt118" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>二變。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>不然則州黨與宗族足懷樂也，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt119" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>三變。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>不然則上之教訓、習俗、慈愛之于民也厚無所往得之也，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt120" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>君之恩厚皆在于人無所他往，故得人致死。四變。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>不然則山林、澤穀之利足生也，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt121" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>五變。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>不然則地形險阻易守而難攻也，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt122" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>六變。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>不然則訁罰嚴而可畏也，賞明而足勸也，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt123" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>七變。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>不然則有深怨于敵人也，<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt124" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>八變。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>不然則有深于上也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt125" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>功厚則祿多，故亦自爲戰而不得于君。九變。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>今恃不信之人而求以利，用不守之民而欲以固，將不戰之卒而幸以勝，此兵之三暗也。</p>
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<p>《尉僚子》曰：凡兵者，羊腸亦勝，鋸齒亦勝。兵重者如山林，輕者如燔如炮，如漏如潰，如堵垣壓人也，雲霓覆人也。</p>
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<p>又曰：故兵止如堵墻，動如風雨，車不結轍，士不旋踵。此本戰之道也，所以養民也。</p>
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<p>又曰：城所以守戰，戰所以守城也。故務耕者其民不饑，務守者其民不危，務戰者其地不圍。三者，先王之本務也，而兵最急。</p>
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</section></body></html>
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