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<p>《釋名》曰:冬曰上天,其氣上騰,與地絕也。故《月令》曰:「天氣上騰,地氣下降。」</p>
<p>又曰:冬,終也,物終成也。</p>
<p>《說文》曰:冬,終也,盡也。字從攵,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt3" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>古終字<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>。從仌。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt4" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>古冰字。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>《書》曰:申命和叔,宅朔方,曰幽都,平在朔易,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt5" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>北稱朔,亦稱方,則三方見矣。北稱幽,則南方稱明從可知也。都謂所聚也。易謂歲改易于此也。平,均;在,察。政以從天常。上總言羲和敬順昊天,此分別仲叔,各有所掌也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>日短,星昴,以正仲冬,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt6" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>日短,冬至之日也。昴,白虎中星。以七星幷見,正冬之三節。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>厥民奧,鳥獸氄毛。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt7" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>奧,室也。民改歲入此室處,以避風寒,鳥獸皆生耎毛、細毛,以自溫之。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又曰:冬祁寒,小民亦惟曰怨諮。</p>
<p>《詩》曰:我有旨蓄,亦以禦冬。</p>
<p>又曰:豐年之冬,必有積雪。</p>
<p>又曰:十月納禾稼,黍稷穜稑,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt8" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>上音童,下音陸。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>禾麻菽麥。</p>
<p>又曰:二之日,鑿冰衝衝。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt9" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>冰盛水腹堅,命取冰于山林之中。衝衝,鑿冰之音。二之日夏之十二月也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又曰:冬日烈烈,飄風發發。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt10" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>箋云:烈烈猶栗烈也。發發,疾貌。言王爲酷虐慘毒之政,如冬之日烈烈矣。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又曰:坎其擊鼓,宛丘之下。無冬無夏,植其鷺羽。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt11" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>值,持也。鷖鳥之羽可認爲翳。箋云:翳,舞者所持以指麾。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>坎其擊缶,宛丘之道。無冬無夏,值其鷺翿。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt12" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>翿,亦翳也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>《禮月令》曰:十月之節,日在房。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt13" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>立冬爲十月節。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>昏虛中,曉張中,鬥建亥位之初。其日壬癸,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt14" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>壬癸屬水。主冬。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>其帝顓頊,其神玄冥,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt15" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>昔顓頊氏以水德繼天而王,故爲冬帝。水正曰玄冥,故立冥爲水神,佐顓頊于冬。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>其蟲介,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt16" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>北方玄武,介蟲之長,凡有甲之類,皆屬于水,故日其蟲介。介,甲也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>其音羽,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt17" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>三分商去一,以生羽,數四十八,屬水,以爲最清物之象也。冬氣和則羽聲調,《樂記》曰:羽亂則危,其財匱。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>律中應鍾。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt18" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>十月氣至,則應鍾之律應。應鍾者,姑洗之所生,三分去一,管長四寸七分。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>其味鹹,其臭朽,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt19" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>凡臭味鹹朽者,皆屬于水。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>其祀行,祭先腎。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt20" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>冬陰氣盛寒于外,祀之于行,從辟除之類。行謂道也,祭先腎者,陰謂在下,腎亦在下,凡祀行俎,先進腎。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>立冬之月,水始冰,後五日地始凍,後五日野鶏入大水爲蜃。食黍與雁,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt21" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>冬味之宜。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>其器閎以掩。太史以先立冬三日謁于天子曰:「某日立冬,盛德在水。」天子乃迎冬于北郊。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt22" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>迎冬爲祭黑帝葉光紀于北郊,以顓頊配坐,以玄冥恒星三辰七宿從祀。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>可以築城郭,造宮室,穿竇窖,修囷倉。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt23" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>謂改築城郭,創造宮室,修囷倉以備積貯。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>天子始裘。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt24" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>謂初衣寒衣。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又曰:十月中氣,日在尾,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt25" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>小雪十月中氣。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>昏危中,曉翼中,鬥建亥位之中。小雪之中,虹藏不見,後五日天氣上騰,地氣下降,後五日閉塞而成冬,謹關梁,塞蹊徑。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt26" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>蹊徑謂山澤禽獸道。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又曰:十一月之節,日在箕,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt27" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>大雪爲十一月之節。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>昏營室中,曉軫中,鬥建子位之初,律中黃鍾。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt28" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>十一月氣至,則黃鍾之律應。黃鍾者,律之始也。管長九寸,其日其音其數幷同孟冬。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>大雪之日,鶡鳥不鳴,後五日虎始交,後五日荔挺出。十一月中氣,日在南斗,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt29" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>冬至爲十一月中氣。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>昏東壁中,曉角中,鬥建子位之中。冬至之日,蚯蚓結,後五日麋角解,後五日水泉動。是月也,祀昊天上帝于圓丘,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt30" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>謂冬至日祀昊天上帝于圓丘,以高祖神堯皇帝配坐,以五方帝及日月星辰及內外星官等從祀于壇。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>命有司祭馬步,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt31" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>謂仲冬祭馬步于大澤,用剛日。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>伐木取竹箭。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt32" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>此時堅成,可伐取。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又曰:十二月之節,日在南斗,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt33" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>小寒爲十二月之節。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>昬奎中,曉亢中,鬥建醜位之初,律中大呂。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt34" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>十二月氣至,則大呂之律應。大呂者,蕤賓之所生,三分益一,管長八寸四分,其日其音其數,幷同孟冬。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>小寒之日,雁北鄉,後五日鵲始巢,後五日野雉始鴝。天子乃命將帥講武習射角力,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt35" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>講武角力,校武士材力。所以備田獵之禮。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>天子乃厲飾執弓挾矢以獵,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt36" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>厲飾,謂衣戎服尚威武以獵。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>修祭禽之禮。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt37" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>謂所獵得禽獸以供礻昔祭。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又曰:十二月中氣,日在婺女,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt38" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>大寒爲十二月中氣。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>昏婁中,曉氐中,鬥建醜位之中。大寒之日,鶏始乳,後五日鷙鳥厲疾,後五日水澤腹堅,天子親往嘗魚,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt39" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>時魚潔美。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>冰方盛,取而藏之。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt40" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>《春秋傳》曰:月在北陸而藏冰。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>計耦耕,修耒耜,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt41" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>寒氣過,農事將興。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>出土牛以示農耕之早晚。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt42" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>若立春在十二月望,則策牛人近前示其農早也。立春在十二月晦及正月朔,則策牛人當中示其農平也。立春近正月望,則策牛人近後,示其農晚也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>天子乃與公卿大夫共飭國典,論時令,以待來歲之宜。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt43" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>《周官》建寅之月懸法于象魏,以示人四時之令皆以此爲准。故以建醜之月與公卿先飭之。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>命有司大儺旁磔,以送寒氣。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt44" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>大儺爲歲終逐除陰疫,以送寒氣。故《周官》命方相氏率百隸索室驅疫以逐之。旁謂磔犬于門,春磔九門,冬禮大,故遍磔于十二門,所以扶陽抑陰之義。犬屬金,冬金盡春興,春爲木,故殺金以助木氣。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>《禮》曰:季冬之月,命告人出五種,命農計耦耕,修耒耜,具田器。</p>
<p>又曰:是月也,日窮于次,月窮于紀,星回于天,數將幾終,歲且更始,專其農人,無有所使。</p>
<p>又曰:孟冬之月,天子乃祈來年于天宗。注云:天宗,日月星辰也。</p>
<p>又曰:孟冬命有司循行積聚,無有不斂,坯城郭,戒門閭。</p>
<p>又曰:夫爲人子之禮,冬溫夏清。</p>
<p>又曰:冬之爲言中也。中者,藏也。</p>
<p>又曰:國子春夏教詩書,秋冬學羽籥。</p>
<p>又曰:儒有居處齊莊,其坐起恭敬,言必誠信,行必篤敬。道途不爭險易之利,冬夏不爭陰陽之和。</p>
<p>又曰:昔者先王未有宮室,冬則居營窟,夏則居橧巢。</p>
<p>《大戴禮》曰:季冬聽獄論刑者,所以正法。</p>
<p>又曰:方冬三月,草木落,庶虞藏,五穀必入于倉,于時有事蒸于皇祖考,息國老六人,以成冬事。</p>
<p>又曰:司空司冬,以制度制地事,准揆山林,規表衍沃,畜水行,表灌浸,以節四時之事。理地遠近,以任民力,以節民食。</p>
<p>又曰:古者,天子常以季冬考德,以觀治亂。德盛者,治也,德不盛者,亂也。德盛者,得之也,德不盛者,失之也。</p>
<p>《周禮》曰:小司寇:孟冬祀司民,獻民數于王,王拜受之,以圖國用而進退之。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt45" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>司民星謂軒轅角也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又曰:淩人掌冰,正歲十有二月斬冰,三其淩。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt46" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>正歲,季冬火星中;大寒,冰方盛之時。《春秋傳》曰火星中而寒暑退。淩,冰室也。三之者爲消釋度也。三其淩,三倍其冰。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又曰:占夢職,季冬聘王夢,獻吉夢于王,王拜而受之。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt47" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>聘,問也。夢者事之祥,凶吉之占在日月星辰。季冬日窮于紀星回于天,數將幾終。于是發弊而問焉,若休慶之云耳。獻群臣之吉夢于王歸美焉。《詩》云,牧人乃夢,衆維魚矣,旐維旟矣。此所獻吉凶。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又曰:天府掌季冬陳玉,以貞來歲之美惡。鄭玄注曰:問事之正曰貞,問歲美惡,謂問于龜。</p>
<p>又曰:大呂,醜之氣,十二月建醜,而辰在玄枵。</p>
<p>又曰:冬官,其屬六十,掌邦事。</p>
<p>又曰:以玉作六器,以禮天地四方。以玄璜禮北方。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt48" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>注曰,禮,北方謂黑精之帝,顓頊玄冥配食焉。半璧曰璜,象冬閉藏地上無物,惟天半見。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又曰:冬見曰遇。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt49" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>遇者偶也。義取不期而偶至,大行人云,冬遇以協諸侯之慮。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>《傳》曰:公叔、定叔出奔衛,三年而復之。曰:「不可使共叔無後。」使以十月入。曰,良月也,就盈數焉。</p>
<p>《傳》曰:酆舒問于賈季曰:「趙衰、趙盾孰賢?」對曰:「趙衰冬日之日,趙盾夏日之日。」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt50" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>冬日可愛,夏日可畏。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>《爾雅》曰:冬爲上天。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt51" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>言時無事,在上臨下。孫炎曰:冬天藏物,物伏於下,天清於上。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又曰:冬爲玄英。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt52" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>氣黑而清英。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又曰:冬爲安寧。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt53" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>四時之別名。《尸子》以爲太平祥風名。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又曰:冬獵爲狩。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt54" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>狩,守也。冬物畢成,圍守取,無簡擇。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>《易通卦驗》曰:大雪,魚負冰。鄭玄曰:魚負冰,上近冰也。</p>
<p>《易通統圖》曰:日冬行北方黑道,曰北陸。</p>
<p>京房《易》曰:冬至坎王,廣莫風用事,人君决大刑,斷獄訟,繕宮殿。</p>
<p>《尚書大傳》曰:殷以季冬爲正月。</p>
<p>又曰:周以仲冬爲正月。</p>
<p>又曰:北方者,何也?伏方也。伏方也者,萬物之方伏。物之方伏,則何以爲之冬?冬者,中也。中也者,物方藏於中也。故曰北方冬也。陽盛則籲荼萬物而養之外也,陰盛則呼吸萬物而藏之內也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt55" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>籲荼氣出而溫,呼吸氣入則寒。溫則生,寒則殺也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>故曰,呼吸也者,陰陽之交接,萬物之始終。</p>
<p>《尚書大傳》曰:冬者,昴昏中,可以收斂,蓋藏,田獵,斷伐,當告乎天子,而天子賦之民。故天子南面而視四星之中,知民之緩急;急則不賦籍,不舉力役。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt56" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>籍,公家之常徭。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>故曰「敬授民時」,此之謂也。</p>
<p>又曰:辯在朔易,日短,朔始也。</p>
<p>《傳》曰:天子以冬命三公,謹蓋藏,閉門閭,固封境,入山澤田獵,以順天道,以佐冬固藏也。</p>
<p>《詩含神霧》曰:魏地處季冬之位,土地平夷。</p>
<p>又曰:唐地處孟冬之位,得常山太岳之風,音中羽,其地磽確<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt57" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>上苦交切,下苦角切。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>而收,故其民儉而好畜,此唐堯之所起。</p>
<p>《三禮義宗》曰:冬日壬癸者,壬,任也,癸,揆也,言萬物更任生于黃泉,皆有法度也。</p>
<p>又曰:十二月小寒爲節者,亦形于大寒,故謂之小,言時寒氣猶未是極也。大寒爲中者,上形于小,故謂之大。自十一月一陽爻初起,至此始徹,陰氣出地方盡,寒氣幷在上,寒氣之逆極,故謂大寒也。</p>
<p>《逸禮》曰:冬則衣黑衣,佩玄玉,乘玄輅,駕鐵驪,載玄旗,以迎冬于北郊。其祭先豕,居明堂後廟,啓北戶。</p>
<p>《春秋繁露》曰:冬氣衰,故藏。</p>
<p>又曰:木有變春雕冬榮,此徭役衆,賦斂重也。</p>
<p>《春秋考异郵》曰:冬風曰廣莫風。</p>
<p>《春秋感精符》曰:天統。十一月建子,天始施之端也。謂之天統者,周以爲正。《<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/漢書" title="漢書">漢書</a>》記律,黃鐘爲天統。</p>
<p><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/史記" title="史記">史記</a>》曰:漢高祖既定天下,叔孫通定朝儀。群臣朝,十月儀于長樂宮,執戟尊卑次序,諸侯王以下莫不震恐。帝曰:「吾乃今日知爲皇帝之貴也。」</p>
<p>《前漢書》曰:魏相上書曰:「北方之神顓頊,乘坎執權司冬。」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt58" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>張晏曰:水爲智,智者謀,謀爲重,故爲權。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又曰:東方朔上書云:「臣朔年十三,讀書三冬,文史足用。」</p>
<p>又曰:冬,民既入,婦人同巷相從夜績。女工一月得四十五日必相從者,所以省費燎火,同巧拙而合習俗也。</p>
<p>又曰:龔遂爲渤海太守,勸民冬益收果實菱芡,民皆賴之。</p>
<p>《續漢書》曰:嚴延年,字次卿,爲河內太守,冬月傳屬縣囚會府下,流血數里,河南號爲屠伯。</p>
<p>又曰:宋均爲九江守,五日一聽事,冬以日中,夏以平旦。</p>
<p>《後漢書律曆志》曰:日行北陸謂之冬。</p>
<p>又曰:季冬之月,星回歲終,陰陽以交,勞農大臘,先臘一日大儺,謂之逐疫。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt59" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>《漢舊儀》曰:顓頊有三子而去爲疫鬼,一居江水是爲虎,一居苦水爲罔虺蜮,一居人宮室區隅,善驚小兒。《月令章句》曰,日行北方之宿,北方大陰,恐爲所抑,故命有司大儺,所以扶陽抑陰也。盧植注《禮記》曰,所以逐衰而迎新也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又曰:是月也,立土牛六頭于國都郡縣城外醜地,送大寒。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt60" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>《月令章句》曰:是月之會建醜,醜牛寒將極,故出其物類形象,以示送達之,且以升陽也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>《後漢書》曰:鍾離意辟大司徒侯霸掾,詔令部送徒詣河內,時冬寒,徒病不能行,路過弘農,輒移屬縣使作徒衣,縣不得已與之,上書言狀,意亦具以聞。光武得奏以見霸,曰:「君所使掾,何乃仁于用心,誠良吏也。」</p>
<p>又曰:汝南舊俗,十月饗會,百里內縣皆賫牛酒,到府宴飲。</p>
<p>又曰:段熲《對桓帝討先零、東羌術略》曰:三冬兩夏,足以破之。</p>
<p>又《東觀漢記》曰:黃香父兄,舉孝廉,爲郡五官,貧無奴僕,香身執勤苦,冬無褲褲,而親極滋味。</p>
<p>《魏略》曰:顔斐,字文林,爲京兆尹,課民當輸租時,車各因便致薪兩束,爲冬寒冰炙筆硯,風化大行。</p>
<p>又曰:賈逵世爲著姓,少孤貧,冬常無褲。</p>
<p>又曰:吉茂,字叔暢,從少至長,冬則披裘,夏則短褐,臣役妻子,室如懸磬。</p>
<p>又曰:邴原就師學,一冬講《孝經》《論語》,自在齠齔有异。及長,金玉其行。</p>
<p>又曰:董遇好學,人從學,遇不肯教。曰:當先讀書百遍而義自見。從者云:苦難得暇日。遇曰:當以三餘:冬,歲之餘;夜,日之餘;雨,時之餘。</p>
<p>《吳志》曰:左台御史孟宗有孝道,母性嗜笋。及母亡,冬節至,宗入林哀泣而笋生,得以供祭祀。</p>
<p>《晋書》曰:王敦素憚周顗,每見輒面熱,雖復冬月,扇面不得休。</p>
<p>又曰:吳隱之冬月無被,常蓋衣披絮,勤苦同于貧庶。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt61" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>隱之時爲牧守。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又曰:公孫鳳,字子鸞,隱昌黎之九城山,冬夜草布,寢處山林,彈琴吟咏,陶然自得。</p>
<p>又曰:劉殷母王氏,盛冬思堇而不言,食不飽者一旬矣。殷怪而問之,母言其故。殷時年九歲,乃于澤中慟哭,聲不絕者半日,于是忽若有人云,止聲。殷收泪視地,便有堇生焉,因得斛餘而歸。</p>
<p>《宋書》曰:朱百年與孔覬友善,百年家室素貧,母以冬月亡,衣幷無絮,自此不衣綿帛。嘗寒時就覬宿,衣悉夾布,飲酒眠,覬以臥具覆之,百年不覺也。既覺,引臥具去體,謂覬曰:綿定奇溫。因流涕悲慟,覬亦爲之感傷也。</p>
<p>《齊書》曰:沈瑀爲揚州從事,湖熟縣方山埭高峻,冬月公私行旅以爲艱。明帝使瑀循行,乃開四港,斷行客就作,三日便辦。</p>
<p>又曰:齊孝子王虛之庭中楊梅樹,隆冬三實,又每夜所居白光如燭,墓左樹柰,一冬再實。時人咸以爲孝感所致。</p>
<p>梁安城王秀爲郢州刺史,務行德義,每冬月,常作褲襦,以賜貧凍者。</p>
<p>又任昉素清貧,卒後,其子西華冬月著葛帔練裙。道逢平原劉孝標,泫然矜之,謂曰:「我當爲卿作計。」乃著《廣絕交論》,以譏其舊交也。</p>
<p>《吳越春秋》曰:越王念復吳怨非一旦也,苦身勞心,夜以接日,目臥則攻之以蓼,足寒則漬之以水,冬則抱冰。</p>
<p>《韓詩外傳》曰:冬不浴,非惡水,清有餘也。</p>
<p>《穆天子傳》曰:季冬甲戌,天子冬游,飲于留祁,射于麗虎,讀書于藜丘。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt62" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>君舉必書也。藜音犁。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>西王母獻酒于天子,奏廣樂,天子遺其靈鼓,乃化爲黃蛇。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt63" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>《周禮》曰,靈鼓四面。《洪範》以爲鼓妖。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>嵇康《高士傳》曰:善卷,古之賢人也。舜以天下讓之。善卷曰:「予立宇宙之中,冬則衣皮毛,夏則衣絺葛,何以天下爲哉?」</p>
<p>《汝南先賢傳》曰:周舉爲幷州刺史,太原一郡舊俗以介子推焚骨,有龍忌之禁,至其亡月,咸言神靈不樂舉火。由是土人每至冬中輒一月寒食,莫敢烟爨,老少不堪,歲多死者。舉既到,乃作吊書,以置子推之廟,言盛冬止火,殘損人命,非賢者之意,以宣示愚民,使還溫食。于是衆惑稍解,風俗頗革。</p>
<p>《列士傳》曰:孟嘗君食客三千人,齊市有乞食馮諼,經冬無褲,面有饑色。</p>
<p>皇甫謐《高士傳》曰:焦先,字孝然,冬夏不著衣,臥不設席。</p>
<p>《禰衡別傳》曰:十月朝黃祖于艨沖舟上,會設黍臛,衡年少在坐,黍臛至,先自飽,食畢,摶弄戲擲,其輕慢如此。</p>
<p>《列仙傳》曰:丁次都不知何許人,爲遼東丁氏作人,丁氏嘗置葵,問曰:「冬何有葵?」云從日南買來</p>
<p>《神仙傳》曰:王仲都,漢中人,少修道術。元帝時常以隆冬單衣載駟馬車于上林昆明池,環冰而馳,禦者狐裘猶寒振欲死,而都無變色,背上蒸氣休休然。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt64" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>休休,氣盛貌。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>師覺《孝子傳》曰:王祥少有德行,早失母,後母憎而譖之,祥孝彌謹。盛寒河水堅冰,網罟不施,母欲得生魚,祥解褐扣冰求之,忽冰小開,有雙魚出游,祥垂綸而獲之。時人謂之至孝所致也。</p>
<p><small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt65" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>宋躬《孝子傳》曰:何子平事母至孝,母喪,年六十,有孺子之慕,夏避清凉,冬不衣絮。</p>
<p>盛弘之《荊州記》曰:宜都銀山有風穴,大數尺,名風井,夏則風出,冬則風入。樵人有冬過者,置笠穴口,風吸之,經日還長陽溪而得笠。</p>
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