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<td><span style="color: #464646;"><ul id="plainSister-n6049" style="display:inline-block; font-size:93%; line-height:normal; list-style-type:none; list-style-image:none; list-style-position:outside; border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#AAA); float:right; clear:right; margin:0.5ex 0.5ex 0.5ex 0.5ex; padding:0.0ex 0.0ex 0.0ex 0.0ex; background-color:var(--background-color-base,#FFFFFF);color: inherit;"><li class="noprint sisitem"><span class="sisicon" style="padding-right:1ex;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:SiteMatrix" title="Special:SiteMatrix"><img alt="姊妹计划" resource="./File:Wikimedia-logo.svg" src="images/c1004_Wikimedia_logo.svg_20px_Wikimedia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" data-file-type="drawing" class="mw-file-element" style="width:18px; height:18px; " data-title="Wikimedia-logo.svg-20px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png"/></a></span></span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:SiteMatrix" title="Special:SiteMatrix">姊妹计划</a>: <a rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85605279" title="d:Q85605279" class="extiw">数据项</a></li></ul></span>
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</section><section data-mw-section-id="1"><h2 id="sang_ji_xia"><span id="id-.E5.96.AA.E7.B4.80.E4.B8.8B" typeof="mw:FallbackId"/>喪紀下</h2>
<p>《禮記·曾子問》曰:「君薨而世子生,則如之何?」孔子曰:「卿、大夫、士從攝主,北面于西階南;<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt5" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>變于朝夕哭位也。攝主,上卿代君聽政也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>大祝裨冕,執束帛,升自西階,盡等,不升堂,命無哭;<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt6" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>將有事,宜清淨。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>祝聲三,告曰:『某之子生,敢告。』升,奠弊于殯東幾上。哭,降。」曾子問曰:「如已葬而世子生,則如之何?」孔子曰:「大宰、大宗,從太祝而告于禰。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt7" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>告生。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>三月,乃名于禰,以名遍告,及社稷、宗廟、山川。」</p>
<p>又曰:「將冠子,冠者至,揖讓而入,聞齊衰、大功之喪,如之何?」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt8" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>冠者,賓及贊也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>孔子曰:「內喪則廢,外喪則冠而不醴,徹饌而掃,即位而哭。如冠者未至,則廢。」</p>
<p>又曰:「婚禮旣納幣,有吉日,女之父母死,則如之何?」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt9" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>吉曰謂娶女之日也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>孔子曰:「婿使人吊。若婿之父母死,則女之家亦使人吊。父喪稱父,母喪稱母。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt10" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>各以其正嫡自相吊問,禮之宜。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>父母不在,則稱伯父、世母。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt11" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>吊禮不廢也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>已葬,婿之伯父,致命女氏曰:『某之子有父母之喪,不得嗣爲兄弟,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt12" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>嗣,繼。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>使某致命。』女氏許諾而不敢嫁,禮也。婿免喪,女之父母使人請,婿弗娶而後嫁之,禮也。」</p>
<p>又曰:「大夫、士有私喪,可以除之矣;而有君服焉,其除之也,如之何?」孔子曰:「有君喪,服于身,不敢私服,又何除焉?于是乎有過時而弗除也。君之喪服除,而後殷祭,禮也。」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt13" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>謂主人也。支子則否。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又曰:「君薨,旣殯,而臣有父母之喪,則如之何?」孔子曰:「歸居于家,有殷事,則之君所,朝夕否。」曰:「君旣啓,而臣有父母之喪,則如之何?」孔子曰:「歸哭而反送君。」曰:「君未殯而臣有父母之喪,則如之何?」孔子曰:「歸殯,反于君所,有殷事則歸,朝夕否。」</p>
<p>又曰:「君出疆,以三年之戒,以椑從。君薨,其入如之何?」孔子曰:「供殯服,則子麻弁絰、疏衰、菲、杖。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt14" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>棺柩未安,不忍成服于外也。布弁如爵弁,而用布也。杖者,爲己病。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>入自闕,升自西階。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt15" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>闕謂毀宗也。柩毀宗而入異于生。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>如小斂,則子免而從柩,入自門,升自阼階。君、大夫、士,一節也。」</p>
<p>又《雜記》曰:恤由之喪,哀公使孺悲之孔子學《士喪禮》,《士喪禮》于是存乎書。</p>
<p>又曰:士之子爲大夫,父母弗能主也,使其子主之。無子則爲之置後。凡主兄弟之喪,雖疏亦虞。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt16" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>喪事虞<dfn class="unicode-pua" style="border: 1px solid orange; background: yellow; font-style: normal; cursor: help;" title="此处原字符使用了Unicode私有区编码而无法识别请协助查实修正。原字符为请注意在不同系统中的显示可能完全不同。"></dfn>乃畢。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又《雜記下》曰:姑姊妹其夫死,而夫党無兄弟,使夫之族人主喪,妻之党雖親不主。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt17" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>此謂姑姊妹無子寡死。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>而夫若無族矣,則前後家、東西家;無有,則里尹主之。</p>
<p>又曰:或問于曾子曰:「夫旣遣而包其餘,猶旣食而裹其餘乎?」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt18" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>言遣旣鄭而又包之,是與食于人已而裹其餘將去何異。君子寧爲是乎?言傷廉也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>曾子曰:「吾子不見大饗乎?夫大饗旣饗,卷三牲之俎,歸于賓館。父母而賓客之,所以爲哀也。」</p>
<p>又《喪服小記》曰:大夫不主士之喪,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt19" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>士之喪雖無主,不敢攝大夫以爲主。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>士不攝大夫,惟宗子。</p>
<p>又《喪大記》曰:疾病,外內皆掃,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt20" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>爲賓客將來問疾也。疾困曰病也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>君、大夫徹縣,士去琴瑟。寢東首于北牖下,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt21" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>謂君來視之時也。病者居北牖下。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>廢床,徹褻衣,加新衣,體一人,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt22" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>人始生在地,去床,庶幾氣生也。徹褻衣,則所加者朝服也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>男女改服,屬纊,以俟絕氣。惟哭先復,復而後行死事。君設大盤,造冰焉;大夫設夷盤,造冰焉;士幷瓦盤,無冰。設床襢第,有枕,唅一床,襲一床,遷尸于堂又一床,皆有枕席。君、大夫、士一也。始死,遷尸于床,<dfn class="unicode-pua" style="border: 1px solid orange; background: yellow; font-style: normal; cursor: help;" title="此处原字符使用了Unicode私有区编码而无法识别请协助查实修正。原字符为请注意在不同系统中的显示可能完全不同。" about="#mwt23" typeof="mw:Transclusion"></dfn>無用斂衾,去死衣。小臣楔齒用角柶,綴足用燕幾。君、大夫、士一也。管人汲,授御者,御者差沐于堂上。君沐粱,大夫沐稷,士沐粱。甸人爲垼于西墻下,陶人出重鬲,管人受沐,乃煮之。甸人取所徹廟之西北厞薪,用爨之。管人授御者沐,乃沐。用瓦盤,挋用巾,如他日。小臣爪手剪髮。濡濯弃于坎。</p>
<p>又《三年問》曰:「三年之喪何也。」曰:「稱情而立文,因以飾群,別親疏貴賤之節,而弗可損益也。故曰無易之道也。」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt24" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>稱其情而立文,稱人情之輕重而制其禮也。群謂親之黨也。無易猶不易也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>創钜者其日久,痛甚者其愈遲。三年者,稱情而立文,所以爲至痛極也。</p>
<p>又曰:「然則何以至期也?」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt25" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>言三年之義如此,則何以有降至于期也。期者謂爲人後者父在爲母也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>曰:「至親以期斷。」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt26" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>言服之正,雖至親皆期而除也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>「是何也?」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt27" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>問服斷于期之義也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>曰:「天地則已易矣,四時則已變矣,其在天地之中者,莫不更始焉。是以象之也。」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt28" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>法此變易,可以期也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>「然則何以三年也?」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt29" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>言法此變易可以期,何以乃三年爲。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>曰:「加隆焉爾也,焉使倍之,故再期也。」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt30" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>言於父母加隆其恩,使倍期也。下焉猶然。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>「由九月以下,何也?」曰:「焉使弗及也。」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt31" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>言使其恩不若父母。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>故三年以爲隆,緦、小功以爲殺,期九月爲間。上取象于天,下取法于地,中取則于人,人之所以群居,和壹之理盡矣。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt32" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>取象于天地謂法其變易也。自三年以至緦,皆歲時之數也。言旣象天地,又足以盡人聚居,純厚之恩也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>《左傳·哀下》曰:越圍吳,趙孟降于喪食,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt33" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>趙孟,襄子無恤,時有父簡子喪。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>楚隆曰:「三年之喪,親昵之極也。主又降之,無乃有故乎?」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt34" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>楚隆,襄子家臣。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>趙孟曰:「黃池之役,先主與吳王有質,曰:『好惡同之。』今越圍吳,嗣子不廢舊業而敵之,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt35" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>嗣子,襄子自謂,欲敵越救吳。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>非晋之所能及也。吾是以爲降。」</p>
<p>《論語·陽貨》曰:宰我問:「三年之喪期已久矣。君子三年不爲禮,禮必壞;三年不爲樂,樂必崩。舊<span style="color: red; border: 1px solid red; BACKGROUND: pink" title="未填描述,請補上。" about="#mwt36" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><b><EFBFBD></b></span>旣沒,新<span style="color: red; border: 1px solid red; BACKGROUND: pink" title="未填描述,請補上。" about="#mwt37" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><b><EFBFBD></b></span>旣升,鑽燧改火,其可已矣。」子曰:「食夫稻,衣夫錦,于女安乎?」曰:「安。」「女安,則爲之。夫君子之居喪,食旨不甘,聞樂不樂,居處不安。故不爲也。今女安,則爲之。」宰我出。子曰:「予之不仁也。子生三年,然後免于父母之懷。夫三年之喪,天下之通喪也。予也有三年之愛于其父母乎?」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt38" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>言子之于父母,欲報之恩,昊天罔極。而予也有三年之愛乎?<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>《孝經援神契》曰:喪不過三年,以期;增倍五五二十五月。義斷仁,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt39" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>期,十二月也。再期,二十五月也。言期增倍則可矣。復雲二十五月者,容有閏,故曰期而後三十五月也。《春秋》曰:閏月葬,齋,景公看數閏也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>示民有終,緣喪絕惰。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt40" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>再期,萬物再終,喪者彌遠。遠追慕殺,故因殺以絕。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>《家語》曰:孔子在衛,司徒敬子卒,夫子吊焉。主人不哀,夫子哭,不盡聲而退。蘧伯玉謂孔子曰:「衛國鄙俗,不習喪禮,煩吾子辱相焉。」孔子許之。掘中ニ而浴,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt41" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>中ニ,室中。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>毀灶以綴足,襲尸于床。及葬,毀宗𨆍行,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt42" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>明不復有事于此。綴足,欲令不解戾也。毀宗廟之門,西而出行。神之位在廟門之外。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>出于大門。及墓,男子西面,婦人東面。旣封,而歸,殷道也。孔子行之。子游問曰:「君子行禮,不求變俗,夫子變之矣。」孔子曰:「非此之謂也。喪事則從其質而已矣。」</p>
<p>又曰:孔子之喪,公西赤掌葬焉。唅以蔬米三具,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt43" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>蔬米,粳米也。《禮記》曰「嘉蔬」。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>襲衣十有一,稱加朝服一,冠章甫之冠,佩象環,徑五寸,而綦組綬。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt44" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>綦,雜色也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>桐棺四寸,柏椁五寸,飾桐&lt;疒嗇&gt;,置翣、設披,周也;設崇,殷也;綢練、設旐,夏也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt45" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>按柩行夾,引棺者也。崇牙,旌旗節也。綢練,旌旗之□葬乘車所建也。旌旗之旒,縿緇布廣充幅長尋曰旐也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>兼用三王之禮,所以尊師,且備古也。</p>
<p>《續漢書·禮儀志》曰:登遐,皇后詔三公典喪事。百官皆衣白單衣,白幘冠。閉城門、宮門。近臣中黃門持兵,虎賁、羽林郎、中署皆嚴宿衛。官府各警,北軍五校繞宮屯兵,黃門令、尚書、御史、遏者晝夜行陳三公所,手足色膚如禮。皇后、皇太子哭踴如禮,沐浴如禮。守宮令兼東園匠將女執事,黃綿、緹繒、金縷、玉押柙如故事。飯含珠玉如禮,冰盤如禮。百官哭臨殿下。是日夜,下竹使符到,皆伏哭盡哀。小斂如禮。東園匠、考工合東園秘器,表里洞赤,文畫日、月、烏、龜、龍、虎、連璧、偃明如故事。大斂于兩楹之間。</p>
<p>干寶《晋記》曰:大鴻臚鄭默有母喪,旣葬,有司依常還攝職。默固陳,執久,乃許之。于是定令,聽大臣得終喪焉。</p>
<p>《宋書·禮志》曰:鄭玄《喪制》:二十七月而終。學者多雲得禮。晋初用王肅議,祥禫共月,遂以爲制。江左以來,惟晋朝施用,縉紳之士猶多尊玄議。</p>
<p>《齊書》曰:皇太子妃薨,左衛將軍沈文季經爲宮臣,未詳服不。正儉議曰:「漢魏已來,宮僚先備臣隸之節,具體在三。存旣盡敬,亡豈無服。昔庾翼喪妻,王允、滕含猶謂府吏宜有小君之服,况臣節之重,宜依舊君之妻,齊衰,三月而除。」</p>
<p>《後周書》曰:葬文宣後叱奴氏于永固陵。帝袒跣至陵所,詔曰:「齊斬之情,經籍彝訓,近代沿革,遂亡斯禮。伏奉遺令,旣葬便除,攀慕几筵,情實未忍。三年之喪,達于天子,古今無易之道,王者之所常行。但時有未諧,不得全制,軍國務重,庶目聽朝,縗麻之節,苫廬之禮,率遵前典,以申罔極。百寮以下,宜依遺令。」公卿上表固請俯就權制,過葬即吉。帝不許,引古禮答之,群臣乃止。于是,遂申三年之制。五服之內,亦令依禮。</p>
<p>《沖波傳》曰:宰我謂:「三年之喪,日月旣周,星辰旣更,衣裳旣造,百鳥旣變,萬物旣易,黍稷旣生,朽者旣枯,于期可矣。」顔淵曰:「人知其一,莫知其他。俱知暴虎,不知憑河。鹿生三年,其角乃墮;子生三年,而離父母之懷。子雖美辯,豈能破堯舜之法,改禹湯之典,更聖人之文,除周公之禮。改三年之喪,不亦難哉!父母者天地,天崩地壞,三年不亦宜乎?」</p>
<p>《荀氏家傳》曰:荀爽對策曰:「臣聞火生于木,故其德孝。漢之謚帝稱孝,其義取此也。故漢制天下皆誦《孝經》,選吏則舉孝廉,蓋以孝務也。夫喪親,自盡孝之終也。今二千石不得行三年喪,非所以崇孝道而稱火德也。頃者漢嗣數乏,枝葉不繁,其咎未必不由此。往者文帝勞謙自約,行過于儉,故有遺詔,以日易月。此所謂夷惠激俗,當身而已,貫萬世爲後嗣法者也。」</p>
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