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</section><section data-mw-section-id="1"><h2 id="ji_li_zhong"><span id="id-.E7.A5.AD.E7.A6.AE.E4.B8.AD" typeof="mw:FallbackId"/>祭禮中</h2>
<p>又《祭義》曰:祭不欲數,數則煩,煩則不敬。祭不欲疏,疏則怠,怠則忘。是故君子合諸天道,春禘秋嘗。霜露旣降,君子履之,必有凄愴之心,非其寒之謂也。春,雨露旣濡,君子履之,必有怵惕之心,如將見之。</p>
<p>又《祭義》曰:文王之祭也,事死者如事生。祭之明日,明發不寐,饗而致之,又從而思之。祭之日,里耠哀半,饗之必樂,已至必哀。</p>
<p>又《祭義》曰:郊之祭,大報天而主日,配以月。夏後氏祭其暗,殷人祭其陽。周人祭日,以朝及暗。祭日于壇,祭月于坎,以別幽明,以制上下;祭日于東,祭月于西,以別內外,以端其位。日出于東,月生于西,陰陽長短,終始相巡,以致天下之和。</p>
<p>又《祭義》曰:祭之日,入室,ㄊ然必有見乎其位。周還出戶,肅然必有聞乎其容聲。出戶而聽,愾然必有聞乎其嘆息之聲。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt5" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>周還出戶謂薦設時也。無戶者闔戶,若食間,則有出戶而聽之。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又《祭義》曰:孝子將祭,慮事不可以不豫。比時具物,不可以不備。虛中以治之。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt6" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>比時猶先時也。虛中言不兼念餘事。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>宮室旣修,墻屋旣設,百物旣備,夫婦齋戒,沐浴盛服,奉承而進之,洞洞乎,屬屬乎,如弗勝,如將失之,其孝敬之心至也與!<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt7" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>修設謂掃除及黝堊。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>薦其薦俎,序其禮樂,備其百官,奉承而進之。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt8" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>百官助主人進之。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>于是諭其志意,以其慌惚以與神明交,庶或俎之,庶或饗之,孝子之志也。</p>
<p>又《祭統》曰:凡治人之道,莫急于禮。禮有五經,莫重于祭。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt9" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>禮有五經。謂吉禮、凶禮、賓禮、軍禮、嘉禮也。莫重于祭謂以吉禮爲首也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>夫祭者,非物自外至者也,自中出,生于心也。心怵而奉之以禮,是故惟賢者能盡祭之義。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt10" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>怵,感念親之貌。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>賢者之祭也,必受其福,非世所謂福也,福者,備也。備者,百順之名也,無所不順者之謂備。言內盡于己,而外順于道也。忠臣以事其君,孝子以事于親,其本一也。</p>
<p>又《祭統》曰:祭者,所以追養繼孝也。孝者,畜也。順于道,不逆于倫,是之謂畜。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt11" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>畜謂順于德教。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>是故孝子之事親也。有三道焉:生則養,歿則喪,喪畢則祭;養則觀其順也,喪則觀其哀也,祭則觀其敬而時也。盡此三道者,孝子之行也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt12" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>歿,終也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又《祭統》曰:夫祭有十倫焉:見事鬼神之道焉,見君臣之義焉,見父子之倫焉,見貴賤之等焉,見親疏之殺焉,見爵賞之施焉,見夫婦之別焉,見政事之均焉,見長幼之序焉,見上下之際焉。此之謂十倫。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt13" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>倫猶義也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又《祭統》曰:凡祭有四時:春祭曰礿,夏祭曰禘,秋祭曰嘗,冬祭曰烝。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt14" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>謂夏殷時禮也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>礿、禘,陽義也;嘗、烝、陰義也。禘者,陽之盛也;嘗者,陰之盛也,故曰莫重于禘、嘗。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt15" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>夏者尊卑著而秋萬物成。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又《祭統》曰:周公旦有勛勞于天下,成王而欲尊魯,故賜之以重祭。外祭則郊社是也,內祭則大嘗禘是也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt16" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>言此者,善周公功也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又《表記》曰:祭極敬,不繼之以樂;朝極辨,不繼之以倦。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt17" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>極猶盡也。辨,分別政事也。《祭義》曰:「祭之日,里耠哀半。饗之必樂,已至必哀。」<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又《表記》曰:子曰:「後稷之祀易富也,其辭恭,其欲儉,其祿及子孫。」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt18" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>富之言備也。以傳世之祿恭儉者之祭易備也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>《禮稽命征》曰:天子祭天地、宗廟、六宗、五岳,得其宜則五穀豐,雷雨時至,四夷貢物,青白黃馬,黃龍翔,黃雀集。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt19" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>坤爲地,得宜則五穀豐矣。土精上爲軒轅,主雷雨得宜,故語瘭時至也。四瀆四輔,故四夷各貢方色之馬也。精爲馬,不言赤黑,義足通也。黃龍、黃雀皆土精也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>《周易·豫·象》曰:雷出地奮,豫;先王以作樂崇德;殷薦之上帝,以配祖考。</p>
<p>又《困·九五》曰:利用祭祀。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt20" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>祭祀所以受福也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>《象》曰:利用祭祀,受福也。</p>
<p>又《旣濟》曰:九五,東鄰殺牛,不如西鄰之禴祭,實受其福。牛,祭之盛者也。禴,祭之薄者也。居旣濟之時而處尊位,物皆濟矣。將何爲焉?其所務者,祭祀而已。祭祀之盛,莫盛修德,故沼沚之毛,<span style="color: red; border: 1px solid red; BACKGROUND: pink" title="未填描述,請補上。" about="#mwt21" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><b><EFBFBD></b></span>蘩之菜,可羞于鬼神;故黍稷非馨,明德惟馨。是以東鄰殺牛,不如西鄰之禴祭,實受其福也。</p>
<p>又曰:觀盥而不薦,有孚<span style="color: red; border: 1px solid red; BACKGROUND: pink" title="未填描述,請補上。" about="#mwt22" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><b><EFBFBD></b></span>若。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt23" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>王道之可觀者,莫盛于宗廟;宗廟之可觀者,莫盛于盥也。至薦則簡略,不足復觀。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又《萃》曰:萃亨,王假有廟。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt24" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>假,至也。王以聚至有廟也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>《彖》曰:王假有廟,至孝享也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt25" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>全聚乃得致孝之享也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>《左傳·桓公》曰:凡祀,啓蟄而郊,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt26" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>言凡祀通下三句天地宗廟之事。啓蟄,夏正建寅之月,祀天南郊。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>龍見而雩,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt27" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>龍見建已之月。蒼龍宿之體,昏見東方,萬物始盛,時雨而大,故祭天遠爲百穀祈膏雨。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>始殺而嘗,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt28" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>建酉之月,陰氣始殺,嘉穀始熟,故薦嘗于宗廟。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>閉蟄而烝。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt29" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>建亥之月,昆蟲閉戶,萬物皆成,可薦者衆,故烝祭宗廟。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又《僖上》曰:五年,晋人執虞公而修虞祀,歸其職貢于王。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt30" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>虞所命也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又《僖中》曰:初,平王東遷也,辛有適伊川,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt31" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>辛有,周大夫也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>見被髮而祭于野者,曰:「不及百年,此其戎乎?其禮先亡矣。」秋,晋秦遷陸渾之蕊褸伊川。</p>
<p>又《僖下》曰:夏,四月,四卜郊,不從,乃免牲,非禮也。猶三望,亦非禮也。禮不卜常祀,而卜其牲日,牛卜日曰牲。牲成而卜郊,上怠慢也。望,郊之細也。不郊,亦無望可也。</p>
<p>又《僖下》曰:衛成公夢康叔曰:「相奪予享。」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt32" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>相,夏後啓之孫也。居帝丘享祭也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>公命祀相,寧武子曰:「不可。鬼神非其族類,不歆其祀。杞、曾阝何事?相之不享于此矣,衛之罪也,不可以間成王、周公之命祀,請改祀命。」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt33" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>改祀相之命也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又《文上》曰:大事于太廟,躋僖公,逆祀也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt34" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>僖是閔公兄,不得爲父;子嘗爲臣,位應在下;今令居閔上,故曰逆祀也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>于是夏父弗忌爲宗伯,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt35" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>宗伯掌宗廟昭穆之禮也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>尊僖公,且明見曰:「吾見新鬼大,故鬼小,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt36" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>新鬼,僖公旣爲兄,死時年又長也,故鬼。閔公死時年小,弗忌,明言其所見也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>先大後小,順也。躋聖賢,明也。明、順,禮也。」君子以爲失禮。禮無不順。祀,國之大事也,而逆之,可謂禮乎?子雖齊聖,不先父食久矣。故禹不先鯀,湯不先契,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt37" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>鯀,禹父。契,湯十二世祖。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>文、武不先不<dfn class="unicode-pua" style="border: 1px solid orange; background: yellow; font-style: normal; cursor: help;" title="此处原字符使用了Unicode私有区编码而无法识别请协助查实修正。原字符为请注意在不同系统中的显示可能完全不同。" about="#mwt38" typeof="mw:Transclusion"></dfn><small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt39" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span><dfn class="unicode-pua" style="border: 1px solid orange; background: yellow; font-style: normal; cursor: help;" title="此处原字符使用了Unicode私有区编码而无法识别请协助查实修正。原字符为请注意在不同系统中的显示可能完全不同。"></dfn>,後稷子也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>宋祖帝乙,鄭祖厲王,猶上祖也。仲尼曰:「臧文仲,其不智者三:作虛器,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt40" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>謂居蔡山節藻<dfn class="unicode-pua" style="border: 1px solid orange; background: yellow; font-style: normal; cursor: help;" title="此处原字符使用了Unicode私有区编码而无法识别请协助查实修正。原字符为请注意在不同系统中的显示可能完全不同。"></dfn>也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>縱逆祀,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt41" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>聽夏父躋僖公。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>祀爰居,三不智也。」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt42" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>海鳥曰爰居,止于魯東門外,文仲以爲神,命國人祀之。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>又《昭七》曰:鄭子産聘于晋,韓宣子曰:「寡君寢疾,今夢黃熊入寢門,其何厲鬼也?」對曰:「昔堯殛鯀于羽山,其神化爲黃熊,以入于羽淵,實爲夏郊,三代祀之。晋爲盟主,其或未之祀乎?」韓宣子祀夏郊,晋侯有間。</p>
<p>又曰:晋侯問于史趙曰:「陳其遂亡乎?」對曰:「陳,顓頊之後也,舜重之以明德,至胡公不淫,故周賜之姓,使祀虞帝。臣聞盛德必百世祀,虞之世數未也。」</p>
<p>《公羊傳·僖公》曰:曷爲或言三卜,或言四卜?三卜,禮也;四卜,非禮也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt43" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>禮,天子不卜郊。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>三卜何以禮?求吉之道三。禘、嘗不卜,郊何以卜?卜郊向禮也?卜郊何以非禮?魯郊非禮也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt44" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>以魯郊非禮,故卜耳。昔武王旣沒,成王幼小,周公居攝行天子事,制禮作樂,致太平,有王功。周公夢成王以王禮葬之,命魯使郊,以彰周公之德,非正,故卜三吉則用之,不吉則免牲也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>魯郊何以非禮?天子祭天,諸侯祭土;<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt45" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>土謂社。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>天子有方望之事,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt46" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>方望謂郊時所望,祭四方群神、日、月、星、辰、風伯、雨師、五岳、四瀆及餘山川三十六所也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>無所不通;諸侯山川有不在其封內者,則不祭也。曷爲或言免牲,或言免牛?免牲,禮也;免牛,非禮也。免牛何以非禮?傷者曰牛。三望者何?望祭也。然則曷祭?祭泰山、河海。山川有能潤千百里者,天子秩而祭之。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt47" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>此皆助天宣氣布功,故祭天及之。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>觸石而出,膚寸而合,不崇朝而遍雨乎天下者,惟泰山爾。河海潤于千里。</p>
<p>《豰梁傳》曰:宮室不設,不可以祭。祭者,薦其時也,薦其敬也,薦其義也,非享味也。</p>
<p>又《僖公》曰:夏,四月,不郊。四卜,非禮也。免牲者,爲之緇衣纁裳。有司玄端奉送,至于南郊,免牛亦然。乃者,亡乎人之辭也;猶者,可以已之辭也。</p>
<p>《國語·楚語》曰:屈到嗜芰,有疾,召其宗老而屬之<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt48" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>屈到,楚卿屈蕩之子也。芰,菱也。宗老,宗臣。屬,托也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>曰:「祭我必以芰。」及祥,宗老將薦芰,屈建命去之。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt49" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>建,屈到之子子木也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>宗老曰:「夫子屬之。」子木曰:「不祭,祭典有之曰:國君有牛享,大夫有羊饋,士有豚犬之奠,庶人有魚炙之薦。不羞珍異,不陳庶侈,夫子不以其私欲幹國之典。」遂不用。</p>
<p>又《楚語》曰:子期祀平王,祭以牛俎于王。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt50" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>子期,楚平王之子結也。牛俎,致俎于王也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>王問于觀射父曰:「祀牲何及?」對曰:「祀加于舉,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt51" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>舉,人君朔望之盛饌也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>天子舉以太牢,祀以會,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt52" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>太牢,牛羊豕也。會亦太牢。舉,四方之貢。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>諸侯舉以特牛,祀以太牢;卿舉以少牢,禮以特羊;大夫舉以特牲,祀以少牢;<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt53" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>特牲,豕也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>士食魚炙,祀以特牲;庶人食菜,祀以魚。上下有序,則民不慢。」王曰:「其小大何如?」對曰:「禘郊不過繭栗,烝嘗不過握把。」王曰:「何其小也?」對曰:「天神以精明臨下民,故求備物,不求豐大。是故先王之祀也,以一純、二精、三牲、四時、五色、六律、七事、八種、九祭、十日、十二辰以致之,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt54" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>純,心純一也。二精,玉帛也。三牲,牛羊豕也。四時,春秋冬夏也。五色,五采服也。六律,黃鍾,太簇、姑洗、蕤賓、夷則、無射也。七事,天、地、人、四時之物也。八種,八音異種也。九祭,九州之助祭也。十日,甲至癸也。十二辰,子至亥也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>百姓、千品、萬官、億醜、兆民經入<dfn class="unicode-pua" style="border: 1px solid orange; background: yellow; font-style: normal; cursor: help;" title="此处原字符使用了Unicode私有区编码而无法识别请协助查实修正。原字符为请注意在不同系统中的显示可能完全不同。" about="#mwt55" typeof="mw:Transclusion"></dfn>亥數以奉之,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt56" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>百姓,百官受民姓也。千品,姓有徹品十爲千品,五物之官陪屬萬爲萬官,官有十醜爲億醜。天子之田九<dfn class="unicode-pua" style="border: 1px solid orange; background: yellow; font-style: normal; cursor: help;" title="此处原字符使用了Unicode私有区编码而无法识别请协助查实修正。原字符为请注意在不同系统中的显示可能完全不同。"></dfn>亥,以養兆民,王取經入以食萬官也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>明德以昭之,和聲以聽之,以告遍至,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt57" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>遍至,光被四表格于上下也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>明無不受休。天子禘郊之事,必自射其牲,王后必自親舂其粢;諸侯宗廟之事,必自射牛羊系豕,夫人必自舂其盛。况其下之人,其誰敢不戰兢以事百神?」</p>
<p>《春秋繁露》曰:大雩者何?旱祭也。難者曰:「大旱乃雩祭而請雨,大水鳴鼓而攻社,天地之所爲,陰陽之所起也,或請焉,或怒焉,何也?」曰:「大旱者,陽滅陰也。陽滅陰者,尊壓卑也。固其義也,雖大甚,拜請之而已,無敢有加也。大水者,陰滅陽也。陰滅陽者,卑勝尊也。故鳴鼓攻之,朱絲而脅之。」</p>
<p>又曰:古者歲四祭,因四時所生熟而祭先祖父母也。春曰祠;祠者,以正月始食韭也。夏曰禴;禴者,以四月煮面餅也。秋曰嘗;嘗者,以七月嘗黍稷。冬曰烝;烝者,以十月進初稻也。</p>
<p>《論語·季氏》曰:季氏旅於泰山。子謂冉有曰:「汝不能救與?」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt58" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>旅,祭名也。諸侯祭山川在其邦內者。今陪臣祭泰山,非禮也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>對曰:「不能。」子曰:「嗚呼!曾謂泰山不如林放乎?<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt59" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>孔子意雲泰山之神知禮過林放之賢遠。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>祭如在,祭神如神在。」子曰:「吾不與祭,如不祭。」</p>
<p>《孝經》云︰春秋祭祠,以時思之。鄭玄注曰:四時變易,物有成熟,將欲食之,先薦先祖,念之若生,不忘親也。</p>
<p>《爾雅》曰:春祭曰祀,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt60" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>祠之言食也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>夏祭曰礿,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt61" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>新菜可也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>秋祭曰嘗,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt62" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>嘗新<span style="color: red; border: 1px solid red; BACKGROUND: pink" title="未填描述,請補上。"><b><EFBFBD></b></span>也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>冬祭曰烝。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt63" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>進品物也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>祭天曰燔柴,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt64" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>旣祭,積薪燒之。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>祭地曰瘞埋,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt65" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>旣祭埋藏也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>祭山曰<dfn class="unicode-pua" style="border: 1px solid orange; background: yellow; font-style: normal; cursor: help;" title="此处原字符使用了Unicode私有区编码而无法识别请协助查实修正。原字符为请注意在不同系统中的显示可能完全不同。" about="#mwt66" typeof="mw:Transclusion"></dfn>懸,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt67" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span><dfn class="unicode-pua" style="border: 1px solid orange; background: yellow; font-style: normal; cursor: help;" title="此处原字符使用了Unicode私有区编码而无法识别请协助查实修正。原字符为请注意在不同系统中的显示可能完全不同。"></dfn>或懸,置之于山川。《海經》曰,懸以告王是也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>祭川曰浮沉。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt68" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>投祭水中,或沉或浮也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>祭星曰布,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt69" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>布,散祭于地也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>祭風曰磔。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt70" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>今俗當大道中磔狗雲止風,此其象也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>是類是<dfn class="unicode-pua" style="border: 1px solid orange; background: yellow; font-style: normal; cursor: help;" title="此处原字符使用了Unicode私有区编码而无法识别请协助查实修正。原字符为请注意在不同系统中的显示可能完全不同。" about="#mwt71" typeof="mw:Transclusion"></dfn>,師祭也;<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt72" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>師出征伐,類于上帝,<dfn class="unicode-pua" style="border: 1px solid orange; background: yellow; font-style: normal; cursor: help;" title="此处原字符使用了Unicode私有区编码而无法识别请协助查实修正。原字符为请注意在不同系统中的显示可能完全不同。"></dfn>于所征之地。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>旣伯旣禱,馬祭也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt73" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>伯,祭馬祖也。將用馬力,必先祭其先祖也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>禘,大祭也;<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt74" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>五年一祭也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>繹,又祭也。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt75" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>祭之明日,尋繹復祭。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>周曰繹,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt76" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>《春秋經》曰:「壬午<span style="color: red; border: 1px solid red; BACKGROUND: pink" title="未填描述,請補上。"><b><EFBFBD></b></span>酋繹。」<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>商曰肜,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt77" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>《融音書》曰:「高宗肜日。」<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>夏曰復胙。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt78" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>未見義所出也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small></p>
<p>《五經異義》曰:夏至,天子親祀方澤,侍中騎都尉賈逵說:「魯無圜丘方澤之祭者,周兼用六代禮樂;魯下周,用四代,其祭天之禮亦宜損于周。故二至之日,不祭天地也。」</p>
<p>又曰:今《易》京說,臣動養君,其義理也。必望利下,弗養道厥,妖國有被髮于野祭者。</p>
<p>又曰:古《尚書》說,非時祭天謂之類,言以事類告也。肆類于上帝,時舜告攝,非常祭。</p>
<p>又曰:古《周禮》說,大宗伯凡禮大神、享大鬼、祭大祇,率執事而卜日。大鬼謂先王也。</p>
<p><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/史記" title="史記">史記</a>》曰:亳人繆忌奏祠太一方,曰:「天神貴者太一,太一佐曰五帝。古者天子以春秋祭太一東南郊,曰一太牢具,七日,爲壇開八通之鬼道。」于是天子令太祝立其祠長安城東南郊,常奉祀如忌方。其後,人上書言:「古者天子三年一用太牢祠三一:天一、地一、太一。」天子許之,令太祝領祠之于忌太一壇上,如其方。後人復有上書,言:「古者天子常以春解祠,祠黃帝用一梟破鏡;<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt79" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>孟康曰:梟,鳥名也,食母。破鏡,獸名,食父。黃帝欲絕其類,使百物祠皆用之。破鏡如貙而虎眼。如淳曰:漢使東郡送梟,五月五日作梟羹以賜百官。以其惡鳥,故食之。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>冥羊用羊祠;<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt80" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>服虔曰:神名也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>馬行用一青牡馬;太一、澤山山君地長,用牛;武夷君用乾魚;陰陽使者以一牛。」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)" about="#mwt81" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span>孟康曰:陰陽之神也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px"></span></small>令祠官領之而祠于忌太一壇旁。</p>
<p><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/漢書" title="漢書">漢書</a>》曰:高祖沛公祠黃帝、祭蚩尤于沛庭,而釁鼓旗幟皆赤。</p>
<p>又曰:高祖微時,聞魏公子賢。及即位,每過大梁,常祀公子。高祖十二年從擊黥布,還,爲公子置守家,歲四時奉祀公子矣。</p>
<p>又曰:張子房從高帝過濟北,果得<span style="color: red; border: 1px solid red; BACKGROUND: pink" title="未填描述,請補上。" about="#mwt82" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><b><EFBFBD></b></span>城山下黃石,取而葆祠之。及留侯死,幷葬黃石家,伏臘祠黃石留侯。</p>
<p>又《郊祠志》曰:文帝下詔曰:「有異物之神見于成紀,無害于民,歲以有年。朕親郊祀上帝諸神,禮官議無諱以朕旁。」有司禮官曰:「古者天子,夏祠上帝于郊,故曰郊。」于是天子始幸雍郊見五帝,以孟夏四日答禮焉。</p>
<p>又曰:宣帝八月飲酎行祠孝昭廟,先驅旄頭劍挺,墮墜,首插泥中,刃向乘輿,車馬驚。公孫賀筮之,有兵謀,不吉,卜還,使有司侍祠。是時,霍氏外孫代郡太守任宣坐謀反誅。宣子章爲公車丞,亡在渭城界。中夜入廟,居郎間,執戟立廟門,待上至,欲爲逆,發覺,伏誅。故事帝夜入廟,其後待明而入,自此始也。</p>
<p>又曰:孔光父霸爲關內侯食邑。霸上書求奉孔子祭祀,元帝下詔曰:「其令師褒成君關內侯霸以所食邑戶八百祀孔子焉。」故霸遣長子福數于魯,奉夫子祠。</p>
<p>又曰:初,朱邑且死,屬其子曰:「我故爲桐鄉嗇夫,其吏民愛我,必葬桐鄉。後世子孫奉尚我,不如桐鄉民。」及死,其子葬之桐鄉西郭外,民果共立祠。歲時祀祭,至今不絕。</p>
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